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CentOS
DeveloperThe CentOS Project
(affiliated with Red Hat)
OS familyLinux (RPM)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen source
Initial release14 May 2004; 15 years ago[1]
Latest release7.6-1810 (3 December 2018; 6 months ago[2])[±]

6.10 (3 July 2018; 11 months ago[3])[±]

5.11 (30 September 2014; 4 years ago[4])[±]
Marketing targetDesktop computer, Workstation, Mainframe, server
Update methodLong-term support
Package managerYum (command line); PackageKit (graphical); .rpm (binaries format)
Platformsamd64[a]
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux kernel)
Default user interfaceCommand-line, GNOME Classic
LicenseFree software (GPL and other licenses)
Official websitewww.centos.org

CentOS (/ˈsɛntɒs/, from Community Enterprise Operating System) is a Linux distribution that provides a free, enterprise-class, community-supported computing platform functionally compatible with its upstream source, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).[5][6] In January 2014, CentOS announced the official joining with Red Hat while staying independent from RHEL,[7] under a new CentOS governing board.[8][9]

The first CentOS release in May 2004, numbered as CentOS version 2, was forked from RHEL version 2.1AS.[1] Since the release of version 7.0, CentOS officially supports only the x86-64 architecture, while versions older than 7.0-1406 also support IA-32 with Physical Address Extension (PAE). As of December 2015, AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the IA-32 architecture, Power ISA, and for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture.[10][11]

  • 3Versioning and releases
    • 3.1CentOS releases

History[edit]

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Prior to becoming known under its current name, CentOS originated as a build artifact of CAOS Linux,[12] which was started by Gregory Kurtzer.[13]

In June 2006, David Parsley, the primary developer of Tao Linux (another RHEL clone), announced the retirement of Tao Linux and its rolling into CentOS development. Tao's users migrated to the CentOS release via yum update.[14]

In July 2009, it was reported in an open letter on the CentOS project web site that CentOS's founder, Lance Davis, had disappeared in 2008. Davis had ceased contribution to the project, but continued to hold the registration for the CentOS domain and PayPal account. In August 2009, the CentOS team reportedly made contact with Davis and obtained the centos.info and centos.org domains.[15]

In July 2010, CentOS overtook Debian to become the most popular Linux distribution for web servers, with almost 30% of all Linux web servers using it.[16] Debian retook the lead in January 2012.[17]

In January 2014, Red Hat announced that it would sponsor the CentOS project, 'helping to establish a platform well-suited to the needs of open source developers that integrate technologies in and around the operating system'.[18] As a result of these changes, ownership of CentOS trademarks was transferred to Red Hat,[19] which now employs most of the CentOS head developers; however, they work as part of Red Hat's Open Source and Standards team, which operates separately from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux team.[7] A new CentOS governing board was also established.[8]

Design[edit]

RHEL is available only through a paid subscription service or for development use in a non-production environment[20] – which provides access to software updates and varying levels of technical support. The product is largely composed of software packages distributed under free software licenses and the source code for these packages is made public by Red Hat.

CentOS developers use Red Hat's source code to create a final product very similar to RHEL. Red Hat's branding and logos are changed because Red Hat does not allow them to be redistributed.[21] CentOS is available free of charge. Technical support is primarily provided by the community via official mailing lists, web forums, and chat rooms.

The project is affiliated with Red Hat but aspires to be more public, open, and inclusive. While Red Hat employs most of the CentOS head developers, the CentOS project itself relies on donations from users and organizational sponsors.[7]

Versioning and releases[edit]

CentOS releases[edit]

CentOS version numbers for releases older than 7.0 have two parts, a major version and a minor version, which correspond to the major version and update set of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) used to build a particular CentOS release. For example, CentOS 6.5 is built from the source packages of RHEL 6 update 5 (also known as RHEL version 6.5), which is a so-called 'point release' of RHEL 6.[22]

Starting with version 7.0, CentOS version numbers also include a third part that indicates the monthstamp of the source code the release is based on. For example, version number 7.0-1406 still maps this CentOS release to the zeroth update set of RHEL 7, while '1406' indicates that the source code this release is based on dates from June 2014. Using the monthstamp allows installation images to be reissued for (as of July 2014) oncoming container and cloud releases, while maintaining a connection to the related base release version.[23]

Since mid-2006 and starting with RHEL version 4.4, which is formally known as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0 update 4, Red Hat has adopted a version-naming convention identical to that used by CentOS (for example, RHEL 4.5 or RHEL 6.5).[24]

Older version information[edit]

CentOS versionArchitecturesRHEL baseKernelCentOS release dateRHEL release dateDelay (days)
2.1IA-322.12.4.914 May 2004[1]17 May 2002[25]728
3.1IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.12.4.21-1519 March 2004[26]23 October 2003[25]148
3.3IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.32.4.21-2017 September 20043 September 200414
3.4IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.42.4.21-2723 January 200512 December 200442
3.5IA-323.52.4.21-3210 June 2005[27]18 May 200523
3.6IA-323.62.4.21-371 November 2005[28]28 September 200534
3.7IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.72.4.21-4010 April 2006[29]17 March 200623
3.8IA-32, x86-643.82.4.21-4725 August 2006[30]20 July 200636
3.9IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.92.4.21-5026 July 2007[31]15 June 200741
4.0IA-32, x86-64, various4.02.6.9-59 March 2005[32]14 February 2005[33]23
4.1IA-32, IA-64, s3904.12.6.9-1112 June 2005[34]8 June 20054
4.2IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x, alpha4.22.6.9-2213 October 2005[35]5 October 20058
4.3IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x4.32.6.9-3421 March 2006[36]12 March 20069
4.4IA-32, x86-644.42.6.9-4230 August 2006[37]10 August 200620
4.5IA-32, x86-64, IA-644.52.6.9-5517 May 2007[38]1 May 200716
4.6IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, Alpha, s390, s390x, PowerPC (beta), SPARC (beta)4.62.6.9-6716 December 2007[39]16 November 2007[40]30
4.7IA-32, x86-644.72.6.9-7813 September 2008[41]24 July 2008[42]51
4.8IA-32, x86-644.82.6.9-8921 August 2009[43]18 May 2009[44]95
4.9IA-32, x86-644.92.6.9-1002 March 2011[45]16 February 2011[46]14
5.0IA-32, x86-645.02.6.18-812 April 2007[47]14 March 2007[48]28
5.1IA-32, x86-645.12.6.18-532 December 2007[49]7 November 2007[50]25
5.2IA-32, x86-645.22.6.18-9224 June 2008[51]21 May 2008[52]34
5.3IA-32, x86-645.32.6.18-12831 March 2009[53]20 January 2009[54]69
5.4IA-32, x86-645.42.6.18-16421 October 2009[55]2 September 2009[56]49
5.5IA-32, x86-645.52.6.18-19414 May 2010[57]31 March 2010[58]44
5.6IA-32, x86-645.62.6.18-2388 April 2011[59]13 January 2011[60]85
5.7IA-32, x86-645.72.6.18-27413 September 2011[61]21 July 2011[62]54
5.8IA-32, x86-645.82.6.18-3087 March 2012[63]21 February 2012[64]15
5.9IA-32, x86-645.92.6.18-34817 January 2013[65]7 January 2013[66]10
5.10IA-32, x86-645.102.6.18-37119 October 2013[67]30 September 2013[68]19
5.11IA-32, x86-645.112.6.18-39830 September 2014[69]16 September 2014[70]14
6.0[71][72]IA-32, x86-646.02.6.32-7110 July 2011[73]10 November 2010[74]242
6.1IA-32, x86-646.12.6.32-1319 December 2011[75]19 May 2011[76]204
6.2IA-32, x86-646.22.6.32-22020 December 2011[77]6 December 2011[78]14
6.3[79]IA-32, x86-646.32.6.32-2799 July 2012[80]21 June 2012[81]18
6.4IA-32, x86-646.42.6.32-3589 March 2013[82]21 February 2013[83]15
6.5IA-32, x86-646.52.6.32-4311 December 2013[84]21 November 2013[85]10
6.6IA-32, x86-646.62.6.32-50428 October 2014[86]14 October 2014[87]14
6.7IA-32, x86-646.72.6.32-5737 August 2015[88]22 July 2015[89]16
6.8IA-32, x86-646.82.6.32-64225 May 2016[90]10 May 2016[91]15
6.9IA-32, x86-646.92.6.32-696[92]5 April 2017[93]21 March 2017[94]15
6.10[95]IA-32, x86-646.102.6.32-754[96]3 July 2018[97]19 June 2018[98]14

Latest version information[edit]

CentOS versionArchitecturesRHEL baseKernelCentOS release dateRHEL release dateDelay (days)
7.0-1406[99][100]x86-64[101][b]7.03.10.0-1237 July 2014[23]10 June 2014[102]27
7.1-1503x86-647.13.10.0-22931 March 2015[103][104]5 March 2015[105]26
7.2-1511[106]x86-647.23.10.0-32714 December 2015[107][108]19 November 2015[109]25
7.3-1611x86-647.33.10.0-51412 December 2016[110]3 November 2016[111]39
7.4-1708x86-647.43.10.0-69313 September 2017[112]31 July 2017[113]43
7.5-1804x86-647.53.10.0-86210 May 2018[115]10 April 2018[116]31
7.6-1810x86-647.63.10.0-9573 December 2018[118]30 October 2018[119]34

AltArch releases[edit]

AltArch releases are released by the Alternative Architecture Special Interest Group (AltArch SIG) to support architectures that are not supported by the base CentOS releases.

CentOS versionArchitecturesRHEL baseCentOS release date
7.1-1503AArch647.14 August 2015[11]
IA-3212 October 2015[121]
7.2-1511IA-327.219 December 2015[10]
ARMv7hl19 December 2015[10]
PowerPC64 (TechPreview)19 December 2015[10]
PowerPC8 LE (TechPreview)19 December 2015[10]
7.3-1611ARMv7hl7.314 December 2016
PowerPC8 LE22 December 2016
AArch644 January 2017
IA-3227 January 2017
7.4-1708ARMv7hl7.413 September 2017[122]
PowerPC8 LE14 September 2017[123]
PowerPC714 September 2017[124]
AArch6413 September 2017[125]
IA-3212 October 2017[126]
7.5-1804ARMv7hl7.510 May 2018[127]
PowerPC8 LE10 May 2018[115]
PowerPC710 May 2018[115]
AArch6410 May 2018[115]
IA-3210 May 2018[115]
7.6-1810ARMv7hl7.63 December 2018[128]
PowerPC8 LE3 December 2018[129]
PowerPC93 December 2018[129]
AArch643 December 2018[129]
IA-323 December 2018[129]
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Add-ons releases[edit]

Software Collections (SCL) is a CentOS repository that provides a set of dynamic programming languages, database servers, and various related packages. Provided software versions are either more recent than their equivalent versions included in the base CentOS distribution, or are made available as official CentOS packages for the first time.[130] (See also the list of CentOS repositories below.)

Packages available from the SCL do not replace the default system tools provided with CentOS. Instead, a parallel set of tools is installed in the /opt directory, and can be optionally enabled per application by using supplied scl utility. For example, the default versions of Perl or MySQL remain those provided by the base CentOS installation.[130]

Add-on nameArchitecturesBase CentOS versionCentOS release dateRHEL release dateDelay (days)
Software Collections (SCL) 1.0[131]x86-646.4, 6.5[132]19 February 2014[132]12 September 2013[131]160
Developer Toolset 2.0[133]IA-32, x86-646.4N/A[134]12 September 2013[133]N/A

End-of-support schedule[edit]

According to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) life cycle,[135] CentOS 5, 6 and 7 will be 'maintained for up to 10 years' as it is based on RHEL.[136] Previously, CentOS 4 had been supported for seven years.[137]

CentOS versionRelease dateFull updates[138][139]Maintenance updates[138][139]
Old version, no longer supported: 319 March 200420 July 200631 October 2010
Old version, no longer supported: 49 March 200531 March 200929 February 2012[140]
Old version, no longer supported: 512 April 200731 January 201431 March 2017[141]
Older version, yet still supported: 610 July 201110 May 201730 November 2020
Current stable version:77 July 2014Q4 202030 June 2024
Old version
Latest version
Future release

Releases without upstream equivalents[edit]

Some of the ISO images released by the CentOS project have no direct upstream equivalents. They are created for specific purposes, such as for providing a live bootable image, or for providing a reduced-size installation media. In addition to those listed below, there are also AltArch releases, which also have no direct upstream equivalents.

LiveCD and LiveDVD images contain a bootable compressed file system, created by a set of custom scripts[142] using a kickstart configuration file.[143] These live images can be also installed to hard disk, thus obtaining a fully functional CentOS installation. The set of packages installed that way on a hard disk can not be adjusted during the installation, as that is a simple transfer of the image existing on CD/DVD, to a hard disk. After booting from hard disk, yum can be used for adding or removing packages.[144]

MinimalCD images contain a minimum of packages required for a functional installation, with no compromises in security or network usability. These minimal images use the standard CentOS installer with all of its regular features minus the selection of packages. Yum can be used after the installation is completed to add or remove packages.[145][146]

CentOS versionRelease nameArchitecturesRHEL baseCentOS release date
4.7ServerIA-32, x86-644.717 October 2008[147]
5.1Live CDIA-325.118 February 2008[148]
5.2Live CDIA-325.217 July 2008[149]
5.3Live CDIA-325.327 May 2009[150]
5.5Live CDIA-32, x86-645.514 May 2010[57]
5.6Live CDIA-32, x86-645.68 April 2011[59]
6.0Live CDIA-32, x86-646.025 July 2011[151]
Live DVD27 July 2011[152]
Minimal CD28 July 2011[146]
6.1Live CDIA-32, x86-646.19 December 2011[153]
Live DVD9 December 2011[154]
Minimal CD9 December 2011[155]
6.2Live CDIA-32, x86-646.220 December 2011[156]
Live DVD20 December 2011[156]
Minimal CD20 December 2011[77]
6.3Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.39 July 2012[80]
Live CD15 July 2012
Live DVD15 July 2012
6.4Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.49 March 2013[82]
Live CD22 May 2013[157]
Live DVD22 May 2013[157]
6.5Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.51 December 2013[84]
Live CD1 December 2013[84]
Live DVD1 December 2013[84]
6.6Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.628 October 2014[158]
6.7Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.77 August 2015[159]
7.0-1406[160]Live CDx86-647.07 July 2014[23]
Gnome Live7 July 2014[23]
KDE Live7 July 2014[23]
7.1-1503[161]Live CDx86-647.131 March 2015[103]
Gnome Live31 March 2015[103]
KDE Live31 March 2015[103]
7.2-1511[162]Gnome Livex86-647.214 December 2015[107]
KDE Live14 December 2015[107]

Special interest groups[edit]

Special interest groups (SIGs) are organized portions of the CentOS community that open paths for building specialized variants of CentOS, which fulfill specific sets of requirements. SIGs have the freedom to modify and enhance CentOS in various ways, including adding more cutting-edge software, rebuilding existing packages depending on the requirements, providing alternative desktop environments, or making CentOS available on otherwise unsupported architectures.[163]

Architectures[edit]

As of version 7, CentOS fully supports only the x86-64 architecture,[164] while the following architectures are not supported:

  • IA-32 in all variants, had support temporarily dropped in CentOS 7
  • IA-32 without Physical Address Extension (PAE), not supported since CentOS 6
  • IA-64 (Intel Itanium architecture), was supported in CentOS 3 and 4
  • 32-bitPowerPC (AppleMacintosh and PowerMac running the G3 or G4 PowerPC processor), beta support was available in CentOS 4
  • IBMMainframe (eServerzSeries and S/390), not supported since CentOS 5
  • Alpha, support was available in CentOS 4
  • SPARC, beta support was available in CentOS 4

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As of December 2015, AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture,[11] and plans exist for supporting other variants of the ARM architecture. ARM support is a community effort coordinated through the AltArch SIG.[11][165] AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are also available for the IA-32 architecture and Power ISA (POWER7 and POWER8 chips).[10]

A Live CD version of CentOS is available at mirror.centos.org. A bootable Live USB image of CentOS can be created manually or with UNetbootin.

CentOS images are also available on Amazon's EC2 cloud, in form of prebuilt and already published Amazon Machine Images (AMIs).[166][167]

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Repositories[edit]

There are three primary CentOS repositories (also known as channels), containing software packages that make up the main CentOS distribution:[168]

base
contains packages that form CentOS point releases, and gets updated when the actual point release is formally made available in form of ISO images.
updates
contains packages that serve as security, bugfix or enhancement updates, issued between the regular update sets for point releases. Bugfix and enhancement updates released this way are only those unsuitable to be released through the CentOS-Fasttrack repository described below.[169][170]
addons
provides packages required for building the packages that make up the main CentOS distribution, but are not provided by the upstream.[c]

The CentOS project provides several additional repositories that contain software packages not provided by the default base and updates repositories. Those repositories include the following:[171]

CentOS Extras
contains packages that provide additional functionality to CentOS without breaking its upstream compatibility or updating the base components.
CentOSPlus
contains packages that actually upgrade certain base CentOS components, changing CentOS so that it is not exactly like the upstream provider's content.
CentOS-Testing
serves as a proving ground for packages on their way to CentOSPlus and CentOS Extras. Offered packages may or may not replace core CentOS packages, and are not guaranteed to work properly.
CentOS-Fasttrack
contains bugfix and enhancement updates issued from time to time, between the regular update sets for point releases. The packages released this way serve as close candidates for the inclusion into the next point release. This repository does not provide security updates, and does not contain packages unsuitable for uncertain inclusion into point releases.[169][170][172]
CR (Continuous Release)
makes generally available packages that will appear in the next point release of CentOS. The packages are made available on a testing and hotfix basis, until the actual point release is formally released in form of ISO images.[173]
debuginfo
contains packages with debugging symbols generated when the primary packages were built
contrib
contains packages contributed by CentOS users that do not overlap with any of the core distribution packages
Software Collections
provides versions of software newer than those provided by the base distribution, see above for more details
Enterprise

Notes[edit]

  1. ^CentOS versions older than 7.0-1406 also officially support i686 with Physical Address Extension (PAE), and additional architectures were supported in CentOS versions older than 4.7.
  2. ^As of July 2014, there is an ongoing effort to provide installation images for i386, ARM and PowerPC as well.[23]
  3. ^This repository does not exist for CentOS 6 and 7.

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References[edit]

  1. ^ abcJohn Newbigin (14 May 2004). 'CentOS-2 Final finally released'. centos.org. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  2. ^CentOS-announce Release for CentOS Linux 7 (1810) on x86_64 aarch64 i386 ppc64 ppc64le
  3. ^Release for CentOS Linux 6.10 i386 abd x86_64 – Blog.CentOS.org
  4. ^'[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS-5.11 i386 and x86_64'. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  5. ^'Frequently Asked Questions about CentOS in general: 1. What is CentOS Linux?'. centos.org. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  6. ^'Red hat + CentOS'. Red Hat. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  7. ^ abcKaranbir Singh (7 January 2014). 'CentOS Project joins forces with Red Hat'. centos.org. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  8. ^ ab'CentOS Governance'. centos.org. 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  9. ^Karanbir Singh (9 December 2014). 'Karanbir Singh: CentOS Linux: A Continuously integrating platform'. youtube.com. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  10. ^ abcdefSingh, Karanbir (19 December 2015). '[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS AltArch 7 (1511)'. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  11. ^ abcdPerrin, Jim (4 August 2015). '[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS 7 on AArch64'. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  12. ^Jeffrey B. Layton (5 February 2009). 'Caos NSA and Perceus: All-in-one Cluster Software Stack'. Linux Magazine. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  13. ^'gmkurtzer.github.io'.
  14. ^'Retirement of TaoLinux'. centos.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  15. ^Perlow, Jason. (2 August 2009). CentOS: Getting Their S#!t Together is a Top Priority. ZDNet
  16. ^'The most popular Linux for Web servers is ...'(blog). computerworld.com.
  17. ^'Debian is now the most popular Linux distribution on web servers'. w3techs.com.
  18. ^'Red Hat and the CentOS Project Join Forces to Speed Open Source Innovation'. Red Hat. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2014. Red Hat is once again extending its leadership in open source innovation by helping to establish a platform well-suited to the needs of open source developers that integrate technologies in and around the operating system.
  19. ^'Red Hat + CentOS - CentOS Trademark'. Red Hat. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  20. ^'No-Cost RHEL Developer Subscription now available'. Red Hat. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  21. ^'Red Hat License Agreements'. Red Hat. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  22. ^'What is the versioning/release scheme of CentOS and how does it compare to the upstream vendor?'. centos.org. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  23. ^ abcdefKaranbir Singh (7 July 2014). '[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS-7 on x86_64'. centos.org. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  24. ^'Red Hat Enterprise Linux > AS/ES/WS Basics'. Red Hat. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  25. ^ ab'Red Hat Enterprise Linux Errata Support Policy'. Red Hat. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  26. ^Lance Davis (19 March 2004). 'CentOS 3.1 has now been released'. centos.org. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  27. ^Lance Davis (10 June 2005). '[CentOS-announce] CentOS 3.5 i386 is released'. centos.org.
  28. ^Lance Davis (1 November 2005). '[CentOS-announce] CentOS 3.6 is released'. centos.org.
  29. ^Lance Davis (10 April 2006). '[CentOS-announce] CentOS 3.7 is released'. centos.org.
  30. ^Johnny Hughes (25 August 2006). '[CentOS-announce] Subject: CentOS 3.8 is released for i386 and x86_64'. centos.org.
  31. ^'CentOS 3.9 is released for i386 and x86_64'. centos.org. 26 July 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  32. ^'Distribution Release: CentOS 4'. DistroWatch.com. 9 March 2005.
  33. ^'Distribution Release: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4'. DistroWatch.com. 14 February 2005.
  34. ^Johnny Hughes (12 June 2005). '[CentOS-announce] CentOS 4 i386 - CentOS 4.1 i386 is available'. centos.org.
  35. ^Johnny Hughes (13 October 2005). '[CentOS-announce] CentOS-4.2 is Released for i386, x86_64, IA-64, s390, s390x and alpha architectures'. centos.org.
  36. ^Johnny Hughes (21 March 2006). '[CentOS-announce] CentOS 4.3 is Released for i386, x86_64, and IA-64'. centos.org.
  37. ^Johnny Hughes (30 August 2006). '[CentOS-announce] CentOS 4.4 is released for i386 and x86_64'. centos.org.
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  39. ^'Distribution Release: CentOS 4.6'. DistroWatch.com. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  40. ^'Distribution Release: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.6'. DistroWatch.com. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  41. ^Johnny Hughes (13 September 2008). 'CentOS 4.7 is released for i386 and x86_64'. centos.org. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
  42. ^'Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.7 GA Announcement'. Red Hat. 24 July 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
  43. ^Johnny Hughes (21 August 2009). 'CentOS 4 i386 and x86_64 release of CentOS-4.8'. centos.org.
  44. ^'Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.8 GA Announcement'. Red Hat. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
  45. ^Johnny Hughes (2 March 2011). 'CentOS 4 i386 and x86_64 release of CentOS-4.9'. centos.org.
  46. ^'Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.9 GA Announcement'. Red Hat. 16 February 2011.
  47. ^Karanbir Singh (12 April 2007). 'Release for CentOS-5 i386 and x86_64'. centos.org. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  48. ^'Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Now Available'. Red Hat. 15 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  49. ^Karanbir Singh (2 December 2007). 'Release for CentOS-5.1 i386 and x86_64'. centos.org. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  50. ^'Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 General Availability Announcement'. Red Hat. 7 November 2007. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  51. ^Karanbir Singh (24 June 2008). 'Release for CentOS-5.2 i386 and x86_64'. centos.org. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
  52. ^'Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 General Availability Announcement'. Red Hat. 21 May 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  53. ^Karanbir Singh (1 April 2009). 'Release for CentOS-5.3 i386 and x86_64'. centos.org. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  54. ^'Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 General Availability Announcement'. Red Hat. 20 January 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
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Further reading[edit]

  • Membrey, Peter (2009). The Definitive Guide to CentOS. Apress. ISBN978-1-4302-1930-9.
  • Negus, Christopher; Timothy Boronczyk (2009). CentOS Bible. Wiley. ISBN978-0-470-48165-3.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CentOS&oldid=895850359'

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